Lymphatic system Essay

1.What is the significance of a lower-than-normal hematocrit? What is the effect of a bacterial infection on the hematocrit? A lower than normal hematocrit indicates anemia, a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to the body tissues. If you have a bacterial infection, your white blood cell count would increase because as the wbc’s are fighting off the infection they die off releasing a chemical into the blood stream that tells your body to increase production of white blood cells. With a higher production of white blood cells the red blood cell production would slightly decrease which would decrease the ratio of rbc’s to whole blood volume. 2.Compare the development of lymphocytes with the development of the other formed elements. Lymphocytes have a lifetime measured in years most formed elements of the blood are continually dying and being replaced within hours, days, and weeks. 3.What is erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells – Erythropoiesis is speeded up when oxygen delivery to the kidneys falls, and slows down when there is sufficient oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. 4.Explain what would happen if a person with type B blood were given a transfusion of type O blood. Nothing would happen. O type blood is universal and can be given to any blood type. 5.During an anatomy and physiology exam you are asked to view white blood cells in prepared slides of standard human blood smears. Based on the observations below, what is the name and function of each WBC? a) Lymphocyte – Major combatant in immune responses b) Basophil – Intensifies the inflammatory reaction, and is involved in hypersensitivity reactions. c) Monocyte – Phagocytosis and cell debris cleanup d) Neutrophil – Active in phagocytosis e) Eosinophil – Releases enzymes that combat the effects of histamine and other substances involved in inflammation during allergic reactions. They also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against  certain parasitic worms. 6.Why would the level of leukocytes be higher in an individual who has been infected with a parasitic disease? The presence of the parasitic microorganisms triggers an immune response in the body of the infected individual. The leukocytes are then produced in large amounts in order to protect the body. 7.In regions where malaria is endemic, some people build up immune resistance to the malaria pathogen. Which WBCs are responsible for the immune response against pathogens? How do they function? White blood cells or leukocytes are vital cells of the immune system protecting the human body against infections, bacteria, microbes, viruses and pathogens. These cells are produced in the stem of the bone marrow and are composed of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and non-granulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). White blood cells act as the defending army of the human immune system providing a shield against several diseases and viruses. A genetically weak or defective immune system can lead to increased susceptibility to infection, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. 8.What is the function of prothrombinase and throbin in clotting? Explain how the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting differ. Prothrombinase coverts prothrobin into the enzyme thrombin and thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. The extrinsic pathway occurs very rapidly with a tissue protein leaking into the blood from damaged tissues outside the blood vessels; the intrinsic pathway is more complex, occurs more slowly, and its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood.

Court History and Purpose Essay

Abstract â€Å"The court represents the collective conscience of society, serving as an instrument for expressing the revulsion people feel for those who commit particularly heinous crimes† (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). This paper will discuss the history of court and its purpose. It will also define the dual court system. It will describe the role that early legal codes, the common law, and precedent played in the development of courts. It will identify the role of courts in present criminal justice. The Purpose of Court The purpose for court is simply to find guilt or innocence in someone who has been charged of a crime or to settle disputes in civil matters. Such matters must have the legal authority of a judge to be considered a court. In many courts the adversary process is used, allowing both sides to give any evidence, arguments, or persuasion to support their case. A judge or a jury will decide whose case is credible based on the arguments given. In the past, disputes were handled informally and not in a civilized manner. Some people would take matters into their own hands, which led to violence. In today’s society, all matters are handled in a formal and civilized manner. The Dual Court System The judicial branch of the U.S. Government is considered a dual court system because it separates the federal court from the state court. â€Å"The dual system is advantageous and desirable because it parallels federalism, a system of government where power is constitutionally divided between a central governing body (i.e., the federal government) and various constituent units (i.e., the states) (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). The establishment of a dual court system began in colonial period. â€Å"The  United States Constitution mandated the establishment of a Federal court system in 1789, when each of the original 13 Colonies already maintained its own comprehensive court system (2013). In federalism, it is required that laws are made by the federal government and the state. Although the dual court system is â€Å"desirable†, it can also cause confusion between the federal and state courts. This is because some cases can be heard at both federal and state levels, and it can be hard to determine how the case should be handled. The Development of Courts The development and influences of the U.S. judicial system came along during the time this country was started. In the beginning, religion played a major part in making the laws of the country. The early legal codes played a significant role in the judicial system as well. These legal codes were used back 1760 B.C. One of the most known legal code is the Code of Hammurabi, who was the king of Babylon. The philosophy behind this code is retribution. Other early legal codes came from ancient Rome. The Twelve Tables were written in 450 B.C. They were said to be the first written legal code. The Twelve Tables was based on strong retribution, establishing the â€Å"eye for an eye† theory for justice. Because the early legal codes were considered to be harsh and informal, it was paved the way for the changes of the judicial system to develop a more formal and civilized system. Common law emerged in England during the Middle Ages and was applied within British colonies across continents (2010). Its role gave judges authority to make decisions as they saw fit. There was no legislature or law making process during this time. Judges would also record the decisions, which led to precedent. â€Å"Precedent refers, generally, to some prior action that guides current action† (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). In new cases, judges could apply precedents in their decision, which is how makes it common law. Common law has been implemented into today’s judicial system by following previous courts decisions in cases. It is unlikely that once a judge makes a decision that it will be reversed or changed from precedent. The Present Role of Courts In today’s judicial system, there are two roles involved in courts:  adjudication and oversight. Adjudication means that judges decides if a person is guilty or innocent when they have been involved in a criminal act. Appellate courts make sure that lower courts are applying the correct laws in court proceedings. Having the appellate courts verify all laws ensures that if any mistakes or incorrect information was given by the judges, they will be held accountable. Courts oversee the operations of criminal justice officials to provide a level of indirect supervision. The appellate courts decide laws that will determine how police officers to their job on the street (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). Oversight is only necessary when the appellate courts are involved in a decision. If such decisions are publicized, the appellate courts will be involved also. It all depends on the severity of the incident involve by police officers will it be brought to the courts attention . Conclusion The judicial system has indeed changed over the course of time. History has shown that the development of the judicial system was fathered from England and other ancient heritages that set the foundation of how laws are created and implemented into today’s society. More common law is being practiced in many states across the nation. Some of the practices were very informal and retributive, however in today’s court system, court proceedings are in a formal and civilized setting. References Siegal, L.J., Schmallegar, F., & Worrall, J.L (2011). Courts and criminal justice in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. The common law and civil law traditions. (2010). The Robbins Collection. Retrieved From University of California at Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall): http://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/CommonLawCivilLawTraditions.html Understanding the U.S. court system in a glance. (2013). Retrieved from http://court.laws.com/court-system.

Civil War Essay

The aftermath of the Civil War brought in major industrial expansion and significant economic growth for New England, the middle Atlantic states and the mid-west – more so with the completion of the transcontinental railroads years later. In contrast, the same Civil War brought in economic depression for the south. (Slavin, 2008) 3) The 1920s began with a brief depression which was completely forgotten between 1921 and 1929 when America enjoyed economic prosperity. The stock market crash in 1929, however, ended the abundant times and brought in the â€Å"Great Depression†. Similarly, there was a brief economic recession in the early part of the 1990s – it began in early 1992 and ended later that same year. With the end of such recession, the stock market soared and the years that followed witnessed economic expansion in America until the index reached its peak in March 2001 and then dove deep, signaling the end of the good, profitable days of the bourse. The economy worsened in September 2001 after the World Trade Center Tragedy. (Slavin, 2008) The opportunity cost of attending the concert using a free ticket is less time spent on studying. Having to leave for the concert venue earlier than planned and then getting home much later because of the miserable weather would further increase the opportunity cost of attending the concert, since it would mean more study time spent on something else. 5) Last summer, I incurred opportunity costs by cancelling plans to take a summer job and choosing, instead, to spend my summer bumming around with friends. Under no circumstances can we operate outside our production possibilities curve. It would mean generating an output that is more than what results from full employment and full production. Such a scenario is not attainable. (Slavin, 2008) 7) a) According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, â€Å"economists study how society distributes resources, such as land, labor, raw materials, and machinery, to produce goods and services. They may conduct research, collect and analyze data, monitor economic trends, or develop forecasts. † (U. S. Department of Labor) b) According to the College Majors Handbook and as cited in the article, the top three types of jobs for economics graduates are as follows: â€Å"1) Top- and mid-level managers, executives, administrators; 2) Insurance, securities, real estate, business services; and, 3) Accountants, auditors, other financial specialists. † (Schwartz) WORKS CITED Slavin, Stephen L. Economics 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos055. htm#nature) Schwartz, Shelly K. â€Å"Economics Grads Face Strong Job Market, but Higher Degrees Still Help. † CNNMoney Personal Finance. (http://money. cnn. com/2000/08/18/career/q_degreeeconomics/)

To Bury or Exhume the White Gods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

To Bury or Exhume the White Gods - Essay Example It also becomes the means by which the oppressed are made to believe in the ethical justice of the systems of production that engender their own oppression. These theories have great scope for application in postcolonial studies that seek to challenge narratives that are based on the versions of the colonizer’s memory. There are now attempts to revise the histories that have been written by such writers for the mental enslavement of the colonized. These counter-narratives too, however, stand the risk of being incorporated into the power structures of the imperialist narrative. This is to a certain extent inevitable as they come for e certain point in history when the effects of colonialism are still being overturned. It is in this context that Camilla Townsend’s article â€Å"Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico† becomes important as it attempts to bridge certain gaps in historical narratives and at the same point of time also seeks to point certain flaws in the counter-narratives that one finds in the postmodern age. The essay thus points to the need for a history with lesser chinks (Townsend). The essay seeks to talk of the narratives that have been used to counter the narratives of Hernando Cortes and his conquistadors. Many such narratives talk of the situation where the people who were indigenous inhabitants of Mexico thought of the conquistadors to be gods. An elaborate system of lies is constructed whereby indigenous systems are arm-twisted into accommodating the colonizer into their narrative. The incorporation of Cortes into the narrative of the Indian God, Quetzalcoatl is a very good example of this. The God who is considered to have left the Indians’ land for the East was prophesied to come later on at a certain point of time. This narrative was changed a lot to accommodate the arrival of the colonizer into Mexico. There are several aspects that one needs to look into while analyzing

Special Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Special Interest - Essay Example The aims and objectives of Interest groups are set in such a way so as to benefit the group members or a specific portion of society, for example procuring government subsidies to farmers. There are also issues which cover the public interest in the broader sense such as improving air quality. Berry (1999) believes that the interest groups in the United States act as mediators in conveying the opinion and requirements of the common man to the elected representatives. Individuals can find an interest group that can address or focus on his personal problem. The directories of American Voluntary Associations provide an overview of what these interest group associations aim at and why they are formed. The Gale Research Encyclopedia of Associations is considered as the most acceptable listing of interest groups. Most of these groups seek to influence the public policies. Prior to 1970, the records in America had information on interest groups which were actively involved in business, labor and agriculture. As per the findings of Baumgartner and Leech (1998), the interest group universe has become more complicated since then. With the industrialization, the agricultural groups have started dwindling and have lost influence in the United States. Large number of new interest groups has come into existence, some of them are mentioned below: The large multinational corporations have much influence and say, states Sinclair (2000). These companies will be generally members in more than one trade association. These associations represent the view of the industry they are associated with. The National Association of Manufacturers and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce are supported by the big corporations and these â€Å"umbrella† groups represent and speak on behalf of the entire business community, believes Victor (2001). Professionals also

Review chapter 8( Ethical Autonomy and Dealing with Unethical Essay

Review chapter 8( Ethical Autonomy and Dealing with Unethical Superiors ) from the book (The Responsible Administrator...) and chose any article and make relation - Essay Example Therefore, Cooper crafts four key points in this chapter. The first major point is that revolving around the whole book i.e. ethical conducts by a public officer. Secondly, the ethical conduct of an individual working in a corrupt environment. Thirdly, the components necessary for individual ethical autonomy, and lastly, the importance of the role played by the administrator and to whose loyalty he or she should act on ( Cooper, 2012). In his article, Nurse Autonomy as Relational, Chris MacDonald explores the various autonomous dimensions in the nursing profession. He further explains that in nursing the nurse’s autonomy is relational. Hence, devotion to the social and circumstantial factors that assist profoundly autonomous action is important to advancing the understanding of the connections between professionals and their clients/ patients, in addition to different teams of professionals. Further, MacDonald explains the descriptive and prescriptive aspects of autonomy. Descriptive autonomy is explained as the capability for self-governance, while prescriptive autonomy refers to the resistance towards interfering with persona life and the steps involved enhancing such resistances. Lastly, according to this article professional autonomy has been linked to relational autonomy in the nursing profession. According to this article, professional autonomy depends on the social structure because the profession it self is self-governing ( MacDonald, 2002). This article relates to coopers explanation about ethical autonomy in that it outlines the implications of a relational autonomy model in the nursing profession. The first implication is that through understanding autonomy, the nurse is able to understand the thin line between their personal capabilities for independent actions and the responsibilities they have towards their patients. Secondly, it helps in the understanding

To What Extent Did The Armenian Genocide Inspire Hitler's Holocaust Essay

To What Extent Did The Armenian Genocide Inspire Hitler's Holocaust - Essay Example Undoubtedly, Hitler was quite familiar with the Armenian genocide. By comparison, one could arguably say the Armenian genocide was a direct inspiration for him to ignite the Holocaust. Similarities between the two genocides begin with their target minority: both being ethnical and religious minorities and different from their residing nation. Secondly, both target groups were subject to years of prior persecution and unfair governance. Thirdly, both mother nations experienced a radical revolution and rise in nationalism that focused on promoting the well being of the ethnicity of the majority. Finally, both nations were involved in large-scale wars, which were used as cover ups and excuses for the extermination on their minority races. Whether Hitler directly referred to the Armenian genocide when conducting his own Holocaust is questionable. However, there exists plenty of evidence to suggest that Hitler was very familiar with the Armenian genocide and it inspired him to a certain d egree. He was able to observe the reasons, methods, and repercussions of the Ottoman's massacre and weigh them up against his own problems, and in that way, the Armenian genocide could be indirectly attributed to future genocides. Table of Contents Abstract.................................................................................................................. 2 1. ... ............................................................................................7 b. Differences..............................................................................................10 4. Conclusion.........................................................................................................13 Works Cited...........................................................................................................15 Introduction The twentieth century experienced several deliberate mass killings and the attempted extermination of particular ethnic groups, otherwise known as genocide. The precursor for this modernized version of genocide was undoubtedly the Armenian Genocide. Categorized for the methodical â€Å"cleansing† methods and brutality, the political position and public intolerance, and predetermined goals, the Armenian Genocide was influential in dictating the genocides to follow – most specifically, the Holocaust. (Kevorkian 1). The s imilarities and motives behind both tragedies are numerous. Beginning with state-initiated policies to wipe certain minorities from each respective nation in order to attain resources, land, or to appease prejudiced hatred. Both targeted minorities were used as scapegoats in order to deal with internal, political problems. Both victims were religious and ethnic minorities, with a history of persecution and put in a position of defenselessness. Furthermore, both genocides occurred in a world war, hindering the chances of international intervention. In this way, this paper will demonstrate that not only was the Armenian genocide the first genocide of the twentieth century, but it was also a template and a prototype for the proceeding genocides. (Rosenbaun 126). Historical Background Prejudice

Surprise Ending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Surprise Ending - Essay Example to get rid of unwanted children while solving perpetual poverty due to so many pregnancies and births that cannot be supported by a poor economy but he actually wanted reforms to be introduced. He was an Irish nationalist and patriot (Fox, 2003, p. 70) and saw the sorry state of his country. The surprise ending in Swifts proposal is that after talking at length about the benefits and virtues of cannibalism for unwanted kids, he turned around by saying how repugnant such a move would be. Swift effectively contradicted himself at the point where he hinted such a course is improbable because male kids have tough meat as their flesh are lean from continual exercise and would require boiling for a long time while the female kids would likewise be unsuitable as they are intended to be breeders in the future; that such actions would border on cruelty. The author succeeded supremely in convincing any reader with his alternative solutions as anything short of cannibalism is indeed most welcome than engaging in such abhorrent action. He succeeded by shocking his readers and raising their awareness about over-population; by his extreme proposals, he primed the people to accept his more sensible alternatives by forcing the politicians to take cognizance of a festering problem and implement the appropriate remedies. His satire of the Irish political economy was a challenge to its politicians to find new solutions. A key to delivering his political messages was use of various figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, innuendos and euphemisms to avoid trouble with the English authorities, as Shakespeare had done before him but still managed to engage his audience (Ray, 2008, p. 168) with the use of colorful and rich language. Jonathan Swift despaired at the failure of the feudalistic structure of Ireland to ably support its growing population, with its poor tenants but very rich landlords. This was before the advent of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

Transportation Safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transportation Safety - Research Paper Example Notably the numbers can reduce only if more people took the initiative to drive safely. The commitment towards this should not be a one-person affair, but all persons involved in the transport sector from the top. Human life is sacred, and employers should make sure that the precautions on transport safety that they take are geared towards its preservation. Transportation safety greatly reduces accidents that would lead to loss of human life. Another advantage is that transportation fatalities are costly to the employer. During an accident involving an employee, there are going to be medical expenses on the part of the employer. Another thing is that there will be a loss on the capital: your employees are part of your capital, and when they are not at work, there are going to be losses incurred. There are also legal requirements for worker’s compensation, disability insurance as well as social security costs that the employer will have to cater for. On average, the U.S employers incur about $60billion annually as a result of this (Dhillon, 2011). This money would instead have been invested elsewhere to grow the economy. It is the concern of the government too that transport fatalities that may be avoided do not happen. The American National Standards Institute has written down guidelines for use when it comes to motor vehicle use so as to preserve lives. These safety guidelines are voluntary, but every employer should acquire them so as to ensure the safety of those persons he or she has entitled his employees to. There is also the 10-step program by Network of Employers for Transport Safety. This program is meant to guide the employers in minimizing the crash risks. These guidelines help the employers in hiring only competent drivers. These ten guidelines are: Having written procedures and policies is important for documentation and reference purposes. These policies should be widely available and accessible to all. The

He Company Vision and Superordinate Goals Essay

He Company Vision and Superordinate Goals - Essay Example The report seeks to establish the relationship between United States Army Training and Doctrine Command’s (TRADOC) vision and super ordinate goals. Their interaction is affected by the organization’s staff, skills, structure, strategy, style and systems. The organization undertakes initial military training and education of agile soldiers, leaders and civilians suitable for any operational environment in a prolonged time. United States Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC is a command organization of the United States military that is situated in Virginia. According to US Army website (2012), the organization is involved in military training, formulation and development of operational doctrines and presiding over the development of new weapon systems. Vision The organization is involved in the development and training of soldiers, leaders and civilians. It also designs, integrates and develops capabilities and doctrines through professional use of equipments and fo rmations geared towards strengthening the United States military through army force generation. The attainment of this vision requires interconnecting of the staff roles to ensure efficient leadership and achievement of super ordinate goals. The organization management is charged with the responsibility of organizing the system structures and elements to ensure efficiency. ... This will enable the development of professional leaders and efficient military personnel (US Army, 2012). Additionally, the general applies the current technology in improving equipments and revolutionizing training to ensure that the personnel adapt to the changing technology. Some of the measures applied in improving the performance of the organization are professional examination of the future trends within the organization, proper role definition and prior professional planning for implementation of the proposed strategies. Super Ordinate Goals The super ordinate goals dictate the essential purpose of the organization. Most of these goals are related to the development of the essential work force. TRADOC is involved in leadership development whereby candidates are professionally trained to efficiently cope with the changing leadership environments. Leadership training involves the analysis of the current leadership deficits in the military and closing the information gaps and in consistencies that causes the deficits. A successful future requires efficient leadership that has the capacity to adapt and ensure mutual reinforcement among the organization’s elements (Bolman and Deal, 2002). The organization undertakes initial military training and education of agile soldiers, leaders and civilians suitable for any operational environment in a prolonged period. Another goal is the creation of dominant land force through evaluating, developing and integrating talents and abilities. Finally, TRADOC formulates doctrines and concepts that are flexible and efficient enough to adapt to the evolving technologies. The doctrines provide the guidelines required for

Indigenous Australians Study - Groups Experiencing Inequality Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Australians Study Groups Experiencing Inequality Essay 517,000 people or 2. 5% of the total Australian population is ATSI. In 2006, the ATSI population had a median age of 21 years compared with 37 years for the non-Indigenous population. In June 2006, 32% of ATSI’s people living in major cities, 43% in regional areas, and 25% in remote areas. MORTALITY Life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is 67. 2 years where for non-indigenous men it is 78. 7 years. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, their life expectancy is 72. 9 years and 82. 6 years for non-Indigenous women Male Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality in the Northern Territory was about 15 deaths per 1,000 live births, while female Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality was 12 deaths per 1,000. For non-Indigenous males the rate was 4. 4 deaths per 1,000 births and for females it was 3. 3 deaths per 1,000 The main causes of death is diseases of the circulatory system (668 or 25. 7%), Neoplasms (495 or 19. 0%), External causes of mortality (353 or 13. 6%) and Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (251 or 9. 7%) accounted for just over two-thirds (68. 0%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander deaths. MORBIDITY Main causes of poor health: †¢Asthma †¢Heart and circulatory problems/diseases †¢Hearing loss and diseases of the ear †¢Diabetes †¢Kidney Disease Asthma was reported by around one in seven Indigenous Australians (15%) in 2004-05 ATSI people were 1. 6 times more likely to report asthma as non-Indigenous people. Asthma was reported almost twice as often in non-remote areas (17%) as in remote areas (9%) with ATSI’s. Indigenous people were 1. 3 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to report heart disease and/or circulatory problems Around one in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (12%) reported ear diseases and/or hearing problems in 2004-05, compared to 15% reported in 2001 In 2004-05, half the adult Indigenous population (50%) were current daily smokers. Indigenous adults are more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous adults to be current daily smokers. In 2004-05, around half of all Indigenous adults (49%) reported having consumed alcohol in the week prior to interview, of whom one-third (16%) reported drinking at risky/high risk levels. The sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants. Indigenous people are generally less healthy than other Australians, have lower life expectancy, higher levels of disability and a lower quality of life. The contributors to their poorer levels of health include: SOCIOCULTURAL DETERMINANTS Cultural divisions and conflicts since the European settlement -In 2008 only 19% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years and over and 13% of children (3–14 years) spoke an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander language. -In 2008, almost one-third (31%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 3–14 years spent at least one day a week with an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leader or elder. -More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are identifying with a clan, tribal or language group, increased from 54% in 2002 to 62% in 2008 Social factors ATSI reported sense of ‘loss of control of their own lives’ due to communal approaches to family, remoteness of communities and incompatibility with educational institutions and legal systems. 2008 AIHW emphasises that these social determinants clearly increase the likelihood of exposure to health risk factors such as: -Tobacco use – 50% of ATSI, twice as high as non-ATSI -Alcohol consumption – 1 in 6 reported chronic levels of risky drinking -Illicit drug use – twice the amount of reported illicit drug use SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS -The 1981 National Population and Housing Census indicated that the annual Aboriginal income per head was approximately one-half of that of the Australian population as a whole. -Lower incomes in ATSI relative to non-ATSI still persist, in 2006 median household incomes was only 55% of non-ATSI -More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people completed Year 12 22% (of people aged 15 years and over) in 2008, up from 18% in 2002. -The unemployment rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians fell from 23% in 2002 to 17% in 2008, but remained more than three times higher than the rate for non-Indigenous Australians (5% in 2008). ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS -Most (76%) of Aboriginals live in major cities and have access to adequate health care, clean water -Remote communities are affected by water shortages and poorer health services -Communication barriers exist The roles of individuals, communities and governments in addressing the health inequities. INDIVIDUALS Individuals in groups experiencing health inequities should focus solely on being as healthy as possible in their given circumstances. This includes the control of modifiable determinants of health and the utilisation of health services that are being provided. Modifiable determinants of health include: -Diet -Exercise -Smokers status Non-modifiable determinants of health include: -Age -Gender -Culture (role models within culture, social norms within culture etc) -Socioeconomic status -Geographic location -Access to health services -Education COMMUNITIES Health care services may not be accessed due to: -Location of health services in relation to home -Cost. -Cultural barriers (if it is not something that family members have done, others may not be inclined to do it) -Time (a full-time student or mother for example may not have time to go out of their way to get screening or testing done) Some services that are provided include: -All initiatives of ‘Close the Gap’ program -COAG Mental Health Mental Health services in Rural and Remote Areas (MHSRRA) -Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Aged Care Workforce Employment and Training Funding -Mobile Dental Services (Closing the Gap Indigenous dental services in rural and regional areas) -Substance Use Combating Petrol Sniffing. -Northern Territory Remote Health Workforce Child Abuse Training and Development -Mobile Outreach Service (MOS) Health services aim to: -Increase life expectancy of ATSI -Provide better education opportunities for students and ensure work placement for those who attend tertiary schools to increase attendance and completion of secondary school -Increase access to health services for the benefit of prevalence and incidence of illness and disease GOVERNMENTS. Organisations in charge of the health of ATSI peoples: -The Australian Government Department of Health: Rural and Regional Health + Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health -NACCHO: The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation -AHMRC: The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW Some health services being implemented to ATSI peoples at a government level: -Close the Gap -Healthy For Life -Strong Fathers Strong Families. -National Partnership Agreement for Indigenous Early Childhood Development (NPA IECD) -New Directions: Mothers and Babies Services Indigenous Health National Partnership Agreement 5 Priority Areas of Bettering Aboriginal Health 1. Tackling Smoking 2. Primary health care services that can deliver 3. Fixing the gaps and improving the patient journey 4. Providing a healthy transition to adulthood 5. Making Indigenous health everyone’s business.

Marcus Ang Is A Member From The Field Sales Section Essay Example for Free

Marcus Ang Is A Member From The Field Sales Section Essay Marcus Ang is a member from the field sales section. His sales performance in the recent months has been below target in contrast to his outstanding sales in the past years. Marcus blames it on the poor economic situation, however the other sales staff seem to able meet their target. How should Madam May May attribute Marcus’s performance? First of all, Madam May May has to know about what happened to Marcus. What causes him to blame the poor economic situation while the other sales staff still be able to meet their target. As we learn from the organization behavior, we know that employee’s behavior will affect the performance of an organization. According to Fritz Heider and H.H. Kelly, they stated that people’s behavior is affected by internal and external factors. On the other hand, Kelley’s attribution theory refers to three types of factors which are distinctiveness, consensus and consistency. Distinctiveness is about whether the subordinate’s behavior occur during the performance of this task only? Next, consensus is like whether this behavior unusual for the subordinate’s peers? Then, consistency is about if this behavior unusual for the subordinate in other situations? In this situation, Madam May May should first consider about the factor of consensus. As Marcus cannot be able to hit the target while other are able to reach their target. Next Madam May May should consider about locus of control dimension, which mean whether the primary cause of the behavior is a characteristic of the subordinate, or a characteristic of the situation. Second ,stability dimension whether the subordinate is likely to remain stable or unstable? The crossing of the locus of control and stability dimensions produces four casual factor that a leader can utilize to explain a subordinate’s behavior, ability , task difficulty , luck ,chance, effort.

History of Jack the Ripper

History of Jack the Ripper Mikayla Peterson    In 1888, during the late summer a series of murders happened in London, Englands poorest district, Whitechapel. The victims of these murders were female prostitutes whose lives took a turn for the worst. This case has remained unsolved since it was opened in April of 1888 (Rosinsky) . This report will be covering the history of the murders, the principle murders, and possible suspects for the murderer. History of the Whitechapel Murders The Whitechapel Murders began on April 4th in the late evening. Emma Elizabeth Smith, a prostitute, was assaulted by three men while she was walking back to her lodging house. She survived the attack however she died a few hours after arrival to her lodging house (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Several months later, another prostitute, Martha Tabram, was found dead with thirty-nine stab wounds, nine in the throat, five in the left lung, two in the right lung, once in her heart, twice in her spleen, and six in her stomach. Her body was laid with her genitals exposed however no evidence of intercourse was found (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Five other murders followed and the police began to suspect a single murderer was behind them. A total of eleven murders were recorded in Whitechapel however only five of them were believed to have a common killer. An anonymous individual, Jack the Ripper, is believed to be responsible for the murders of Mary Ann Nicols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly. The Ripper is believed to be male since witness reported seeing a male perpetrator with the women and officers claimed a woman would not be strong enough to commit the murders. During the case, conflicting descriptions of the Ripper arose with some saying that he was a butcher or a doctor due to the way his victims were slaughtered (Rosinsky) . Fun fact, the Ripper got his name due to the anonymous letters and postcards he supposedly sent to the police office (Rosinsky) . Recent research suggests that Martha Tabram may have been another of the Rippers victims however she isnt considered to be one of the canonical five (Bulls Eye Lantern) . The Five Main Murders These five victims are grouped together and called the canonical five (Bulls Eye Lantern) due to the way their bodies were found. All of these women were found with their throats slit and their bodies mutilated with the exception of Elizabeth Stride who only had her throat slit. The Rippers killing method was considered to be rash and spontaneous (Bulls Eye Lantern) and medical professionals speculate that he would first strangle his victims to lower their blood pressure which would minimize blood spray (Bulls Eye Lantern) . They are all considered to be the victims of Jack the Ripper. First Murder. At one in the morning on August 31st, Mary Ann Nicols was found lying in a pool of her own blood. She was out getting her doss money for the fourth time that night after spending the earnings of her other three times. At three am she was found with her throat cut open ear to ear lower part of her person completely ripped open (Rosinsky) . Ms. Nicols death is considered to be the start of Jack the Rippers murders.   Ã‚   Second Murder. On September 8th Annie Chapman was found dead against a fence of a tenement house at daybreak (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Medical professionals discovered that her killer removed her uterus, sections of her bladder, and most of her vaginal canal (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Her clothing was pulled up to her knees, her face was covered in blood, severed limbs were near her corpse, and several of her internal organs were removed (Rosinsky) . Third Murder. Elizabeth Strides death isnt nearly as violent as the other five Ripper victims. Her corpse was found lying against a building located by a street corner on September 30th.  Witnesses report seeing Ms. Stride arguing with a man who then pushed her down the stairs; the man elected to stay out of the argument since domestic fights were common. Upon inspection of the body, blood was found on her hands which may have indicated a struggle between Ms. Stride and her attacker. Ms. Stride is the only victim of Jack the Ripper who did not experience body mutilation. (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Fourth Murder. The Ripper struck again on September 8th mere minutes after the discovery of Elizabeth Strides corpse. Catherine Eddowes corpse was found forty minutes after with extreme facial mutilation. Police officials couldnt recognize Ms. Eddowes body due to the mutilation until a friend of Ms. Eddowes, John Kelly, recognized a ticket her corpse was holding. The officer that found the corpse said that she was cut up like a pig from the market (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Ms. Eddowes facial mutilation included: the removal of her nose tip, cuts on her eyelids and an ear, and triangular cuts on her cheeks. Her throat was cut to the spine, knife marking were present in her vertebrae, a long zig-zag cut stretched from her sternum to her pelvis, and her uterus and left kidney were completely removed (Bulls Eye Lantern) . Fifth Murder. The murder of Mary Jane Kelly is considered to be the Rippers masterpiece (Bulls Eye Lantern) by many studiers of the Jack the Ripper murders. The disfigured corpse of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered on November 9th in her bed. Details of the savage assault are: He cuts her throat from left to right, right back to the spinal column. He cuts her from vagina to breast bone like the other victims. He takes out her heart. He then cut off her breasts with circular incisions; put one by her head and one by her feet. He cuts off her stomach flesh in three flaps and puts it on the bedside table. [Then he] Sliced off her chin, her lips, her nose, her eyebrows, her eyelids. Skins her cheeks, skins her forehead. Completely disfiguring this corpse. And if thats not enough he then slices off the flesh of her thighs and you can see the exposed bones. (Bulls Eye Lantern) The news of Mary Janes death shocked the entire world (Rosinsky) . Suspect Theories The question of Who is Jack the Ripper?, remains a mystery today (Rosinsky) . Speculation occurred throughout the entire case but Britains police force and top detectives still couldnt find a solid lead on the murderer. After the murder of Annie Chapman, police thought that Jack the Ripper had medical training in order to complete the mutilation he did. Anti-Semitism arose when Jewish Shoemaker, John Pizer was arrested on suspicious grounds for Ms. Chapmans murder. A folded leather apron was found near Annie Chapman and Catherin Eddowes corpses made officials think that the murderer may have been a butcher. Modern forensics testing have been used to attempt to pin the murder but it hasnt proven helpful (Bulls Eye Lantern) . A total of eleven murders were committed in Whitechapel, England during 1888. A self-proclaimed serial killer, Jack the Ripper is believed to be the mastermind of five of the murders. Even though advancements have been made in forensics, we still dont know who Jack the Ripper could have been. Works Cited Bulls Eye Lantern. Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story (2011). YouTube, uploaded by Suprtel Dreesman, 8 January 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watchv=u8VF4WKmccc. Rosinsky, Natalie. Jack the Ripper. Michigan: Lucent Books, 2004.

A Marxist Criticism on The Importance of Being Earnest :: essays research papers

A Marxist Criticism on "The Importance of Being Earnest"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Excuse me Geoffrey, could you get me some more water. I'm terribly thirsty, and the weather out here isn't doing any good for my complexion." declares the man as he sighs in exhaustion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Right away sir, anything else?" proclaims the servant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "No that will be all." says the man as he waves off the servant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So is this the scene of yesteryear's society or one of today's, well in actuality it can be either. In today's world the rich still rely on butlers and maids. It seems to be a practice that will always exist in this world, but the question largely is not on their jobs, but if they are deemed of a different class, and sadly to say yes. In today's world it seems that class is still a huge part of the world order, and moreover it seems that there will always be the rich and poor, the owner and the worker. This is even demonstrated by the literature of our time and that of other era's, such as the play "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde. In this play Wilde display's the class structure with a different and interesting twist. He makes a reflection on the society with his own sense of humor, but however it still leaves a very good opportunity to make a Marxist critique about the way the class structure influences the play. He leaves room for these critiques when he writes about the servants, the nobles, and the middle class. His view on society and class is very evident on the way the servants are portrayed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "‘I don't know that I am much interested in your family life, Lane'"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "‘No sir; it's not a very interesting subject. I never think of it myself.'"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this passage from the play it is very clear that Wilde likes to give his characters some life, but however it seemed that he was giving the servants a bit too much, but nevertheless it does establish very well the position of those servants. In the society Wilde is presenting it seems that the place of the servant was not only for manual labor, but also to provide conversation, and to compliment the employer's personalities. In the story the idea of class was demonstrated by the interaction between Lane and Algernon even though Lane was witty he did know his place as a servant and throughout the play the servants were an excellent reminder that class structure did exist. Wilde's idea of a witty servant has even spawned off into today's society with television sitcoms

Cultural Evolution :: essays research papers

Cultural evolution began to occur during the most recent Ice Age, or within the last hundred or fifty thousand years. This is when the tools that's are used for sophisticated hunting are found; for example the spear thrower, the fully barbed harpoon, and the flint master tools that were used to make all the hunting tools. Cultural evolution took shape because man had the flexibility of mind to recognize inventions and to turn them into community property. The Ice Ages forced man to depend less on plants and more on animals, also the ice changed the strategy in which man hunted. Instead of stalking single animals, the better alternative was to follow herds and not to lose them, to learn to anticipate and in the end to adopt their habits, including their wandering migrations. This adaption is known as the transhumanance mode of life on the move. It adapts the earliest forms of hunting, because it is pursuit, where the animals go and how fast they go there set the pace of life and the geography which where they lived. Also it has the later qualities of herding, because the animal is tended and stored as a mobile reservoir of food. This change from a vegetarian to an omnivorous diet, gave man more free time to spend in more direct ways. Meat is a more concentrated protein than plant, and eating meat cuts down the bulk and the time spent in eating by two thirds. Man would become totally dependent on the animal that he hunted, not only for food but products that could be made using the animals remains. Hides could be used for clothing or shelter and bones and antlers could be made into tools or utensils. Hunting could not support a growing population in one place so the hunters made the choice to either move with the herds or starve. Inventions of tools played a major role in cultural evolution, inventions may have been rare but they spread fast through a culture. Early inventions not only helped man survive but they helped him in becoming a civilized species that had order and control of his lifestyle. Once an invention was discovered, man never left it at that, instead he studied the invention or tool and learned how to make it better or easier to use. The Magdalenian hunter of southern Europe fifteen thousand years ago invented the harpoon.

How does Giddens solve the problem of agency versus structure? Essay ex

Giddens theorizes that structure and agency are a duality that cannot exist apart from one another. Human practices create both their consciousness and society. Because individuals make up society’s activities and structural conditions, they can choose to change it. Giddens calls this relationship between knowledge and practices the double hermeneutic. The daily routines and practices of individuals interacting with each other is what shape society. The actors have power over their actions, but the consequences are often unpredictable, allowing for change. Structure is defined by the rules and resources of society but without the human factor it cannot exist (Sociological Theory | Chapter 15 Chapter Summary, 2004). In contrast, he argues that â€Å"an actor ceases to be an agent if he or she loses the power to make a difference† (Ritzer, 2011, p 523). Giddens criticized structural theories that forced extreme limitations on the individual and placed them in a passive role in the creation of society. He suggested that actors could think about what they were doing and adjust their actions accordingly. He defined this ability as â€Å"reflexive monitoring† which is encompassed under the topic of the knowlegability of actors. Despite this reflective thinking on the part of the actors, sometimes things still go wrong. Gidden’s view takes into account a person’s tendency to misinterpret a situation (no one is perfect). In another scenario, a person’s actions might be miscalculated for a number of unconscious reasons. In either case, in his opinion, actors are less knowledgeable than interpretative sociologists would suggest (Gelderblom, 2011). Giddens argues that the interaction, between discursive and practical consciousness, is also how... ... systems allows for social changes while bridging the structure-agency dilemma (Miller, 2007). References Gelderblom, D. (2011). Sociological Theory Study Guide 2, Chapter 3: Anthony Giddens. Retrieved January 14, 2012, from http://myedison.tesc.edu/tescdocs/Web_Courses/SOC-417 OL/Study_Guide_8e/Study_Guide_2_417_8e.pdf Miller, S. (2007, January 4). Social Institutions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved January 14, 2012, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-institutions/#AgeStr Ritzer, G. (2011). 10. Sociological theory (8th ed., p. 351-390). New York: McGraw- Hill. Sociological Theory | Chapter 15 Chapter Summary. (2004). Agency-Structure Integration. Retrieved January 14, 2012, from http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072817186/student_view0/chapter15/chapter_summary.html

African American Literature Essay

Throughout this semester in African American Literature we have read and analyzed many different literary works from The Norton Anthology of African American Literature by Henry Louis Gates Jr. We have discussed several of them in class either as a whole or in groups. I thoroughly enjoyed gaining useful knowledge about my own culture and heritage. This course also furthered my knowledge of the African American Experience. A few literary works stood out to me in particular; I’ve Been to The Mountaintop by Martin Luther King Jr. , â€Å"What to a slave is the Fourth of July â€Å" by Frederick Douglass and Long Black Song by Richard Wright. These powerful works of literature really allowed me to hypothetically â€Å"put myself in their shoes†. Some of the imagery portrayed in the text really effected me and made me reevaluate myself as an African American male. The impact that these powerful men and women had in their time period still affects us in present time. I’ve been to the Mountaintop delivered by the late, great, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 3,1968 was one of the most powerful speeches of his life. During this sermon Dr. King spoke of some of his encounters with racist white people. One of his encounters was a brutal stabbing incident in New York City. Dr. King was in critical condition for four days â€Å" if I had sneezed I would have died. † (King 115) Even though he was treated horribly he knew that one-day things 1 2 would get better. Martin Luther King jr. used a certain form of Vernacular called call and response/ call and recall engaging his audience and evoking a deeper response. He also made a few biblical references during the speech. Martin Luther King Jr. compares himself to a present day Moses stating â€Å" He’s allowed me to go up to the mountain†¦and I’ve seen the Promised Land, I may not get there with you, but, I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promised land† (King 116). King’s speech really portrays the power of Non violent Direct Action. Frederick Douglass also played a big role this semester. The speech that intrigued me the most was â€Å"What to a Slave is the Fourth of July†. This speech is one of Douglass’ most controversial speeches. It allowed me to visualize the pain that they endured to help instill equality in America. One excerpt that moved me states â€Å"This Forth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. †(Doug468) this meant that Frederick Douglass did not count himself apart of American traditions if he is not being treated like an American. The speech impacted me personally because it made me appreciate the value of freedom more than before. Thousands of men and women died in hopes of making a change. Their efforts were not in vein, and me, an African American male have to hold myself to a higher standard because living in a white America I am already at a disadvantage. Long Black Song by Richard Wright played a major role in my understanding of African American Literature because with its unique portrayal of inequality amongst 2 3 races. Richard Wright had a unique writing style that blended realism and naturalism in his stories. There dialogue alone brings the story to life. The battle that Silas is facing is not an easy one. He is constantly being provoked by the white man directly and indirectly until he can no longer take it and retaliates. In closing, I’ve Been to the Mountaintop, What to the Slave is Forth of July, and Long Black Song are all powerful literary works that helped me progress tremendously in my understanding of African American Literature. the main thing I got from each of these works was that you can not take anything for granted. Nothing in life is fair, so if you want to change something you have to take it upon yourself to initiate it. As an African American student attending an Historical Black College University I must be a leader in everything that I do. 3 4 Works Cited Gates Jr, Henry Louis. â€Å"Folktales. † The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nd edition. Eds. Nellie McKay and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Norton, 2004. P. 110-116, 468 Print.

Media Course work: The Times and The Daily Star’s Coverage of the Ian Huntley Conviction

For my Media coursework I have chosen to study and compare The Times and The Daily Star. I purchased these papers on Thursday December 18th 2003. The story is covered on both front pages and then continues into the inside. It is about Ian Huntley being found guilty of murdering Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells. Both newspapers have articles on how the parents felt, what happened in the trial and how the people of Soham feel. The Times is a broadsheet newspaper and is aimed at social groups A, B and C1. These social groups include Lawyers, doctors, accountants, teachers, nurses, police officers, clerical workers and people in other skilled jobs. The Times has a more extensive coverage and longer articles than the Daily Star. The Daily Star aims at social groups C2, D and E. these are plumbers, mechanics, lorry drivers, postal workers, the unemployed and casual workers. It has a bolder layout and the articles are shorter than the Times. In the Daily Star it calls Ian Huntley † Evil child sex fiend†, â€Å"sex beast† and â€Å"killer is caged at last†. This shows open disgust about Ian Huntley and they are comparing his actions to that of a monster. The Daily Star reports on gossip, sex and what the celebrities are up to. The paper does not have a fixed political view and this comes across in the paper. The Times on the other hand is centrist and tries to be neutral and does not have a political side. It calls Ian Huntley â€Å"Huntley† instead of using vocabulary such as monster. On the front cover of the Daily Star it has a photograph of Maxine Carr kissing a seventeen-year-old boy the same night the girls were murdered. This is a human-interest story and is vaguely linked to the trial that found Ian Huntley guilty. The picture takes up nearly the whole of the first page and aims at grabbing the readers' attention, as it is shocking to cheat on your partner in public. The idea behind this it that 100% of readers read the headline and see the photograph so if the paper can hold the readers' attention then the paper might be purchased. In contrast The Times although it has a large colour photograph on the front there is still quite a bit of text surrounding it. The photograph is a picture of Ian Huntley that has been enlarged greatly to allow you to look into his eyes. The Times aims to make the front page instantly recognizable as that particular newspaper. The Times' headline â€Å"No Mercy, No Regret† is taken from a speech made by the judge to summarise the trial. It is a restrained headline and is more serious than the Daily Star's that is â€Å"Kiss Of Death†. The editor uses the headline â€Å"Kiss of death† as it is far more dramatic and has a more ‘down market' approach to the main story that happened that day. † Kiss of Death† is more dramatic and provokes shock and disgust among the readership. The Times' headline is using someone else's opinion on Ian Huntley and is not as emotive as the Daily Star's headline. The Times uses only four photographs on the story where as the Daily Star uses nineteen photographs. This is because broadsheet newspapers like The Times are more serious, plainer and have a more restrained layout than tabloid newspapers like the Daily Star, which try to have a bolder layout. By having more photographs the Daily Star can capture the readers attention and make it visually exciting. The Times has additional coverage of the story so photographs are not so vital as it is all explained in the text. The Daily Star has pictures of the evidence and of Huntley's bedroom. This shows the reader how Ian Huntley tried to hide the evidence and what he was doing in police custody. The Times has pictures of floral tributes and just a few of Ian Huntley, Maxine Carr and the family. The Times has a menu on the first page this is called a â€Å"puff† or â€Å"blurb†. It advertises the content in the paper that might interest the reader. The Daily Star has a small puff but unlike the Times it does not summarise the content of the articles. The Daily Star uses quotations, for example; â€Å"Jess's Dad: I want Huntley in coffin†. This is dramatic and would appeal to the readers of the Daily Star who are after human feeling and not the facts of the trial. The Times has article involving â€Å"New money-laundering regulations† and â€Å"More awards for The Times†. So the articles inside are about political and financial matters. The Daily Star uses a fair amount of bold type for example on page two under the heading of â€Å"Huntley killed girls in frustrated frenzy† that whole article is in bold type. In the article it uses language that will turn the reader into hating Ian Huntley. Here are some examples of this in the same article, † they rejected his twisted advances† and â€Å"Ian Huntley murdered Holly and Jessica out of sexual frustration†. The Times describes Ian Huntley as † a violent sexual predator†. The Times only uses bold type on headlines, sub-heads and for the journalist's names. Both papers use Journalese register. In The Times it uses words like â€Å"blunders† and â€Å"booming voice of justice†. The Daily Star use it more frequently like â€Å"fiend† â€Å"cops† and â€Å"frenzy† The Daily Star uses â€Å"blunders† just like The Times. These examples help the audience to understand the article more easily, because it is familiar language. The Times uses Journalese register that has a stronger degree of formality but it still uses words like â€Å"blunder† to exaggerate the story. The Daily Star uses repetition and alliteration quite often. For example â€Å"Frustrated Frenzy† and it has a rectangle with â€Å"justice† written in it along with a photograph of the two girls the day they went missing. The Times uses only a bit of repetition and that is in the main headline â€Å"No Mercy, No Regret†. This is probably because the editor of The Times does not feel that the readership of it's paper needs to be told something twice as they have had a better education than the readers of The Daily Star. The Times demands a reading age six years older than the Daily Star. The Times uses a more sophisticated range of vocabulary for example â€Å"persistent cruelty†, â€Å"undisguised loathing†, â€Å"demonstrate some slither of humanity† and â€Å"allegations†. This offers more description to the reader and makes the article more intriguing. The Daily Star uses vocabulary like â€Å"groped†, â€Å"ruled out† and â€Å"Monsters Lair† this makes a powerful impression on the reader and facts are often exaggerated from the truth to sell papers. The Daily Star uses lots more quotations that involve peoples opinions for example † Our girls were in the wrong place at the wrong time. I don't think there is anymore to be said about him† this is an extract from what the parents of the girls said to the press. The Times uses Experts views on the trial and that is mainly the judge. For example â€Å"it was not just for those two families you have sought to destroy, your crimes are those for which the community suffer†. The Times gives an unbiased view but cleverly uses quotations that show what the paper thinks on the matter it is addressing. The Daily Star has a paragraph devoted to what the paper itself thinks on the verdict. The Times ends the article about the parents of the murdered school girls, Holly and Jessica, by using a final quotation, † Mr. Wells said that his family would now be going on holiday. † We are going to take a short holiday break and gather our thoughts and focus on our son.† Using this quotation here concludes the report by looking to the future and helps link the reader more closely to the story. The Daily Star uses single-sentenced paragraphs, which are highly characteristic for tabloid papers, simplify the argument and allow the reader to follow it with ease. For example â€Å"He used to live with a girl of 15- and fathered her child†. The Times on the other hand uses complex sentences in comparison. For example, â€Å"But in searching the Police National Computer, Cambridgeshire police looked only for information about an Ian Nixon. Cambridgeshire also made inquiries with their counterparts in Humberside, but admit that they â€Å"probably† asked only two names.† The Times puts probably in inverted commas to show that this is somebody else's term, and the journalist does not necessarily approve. Both newspapers convey as much information as they possibly can in the first paragraph. This is because it is estimated that around 70% of readers may read until the end of the first paragraph. Here is an example from the front page of The Times, â€Å"Ian Huntley is today revealed as a violent sexual predator who should never have been given the job that brought him into contact with Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells.† This first paragraph tells the reader who is involved and what happened. In the Daily Star ‘And' is a sentence conjunction and it is frequently used as paragraph connectives. Here is an example, † And as he was led t o the cells the full horror of his perverted life was revealed for the first time.† I conclude that although there are many differences between The Times and The daily Star, The Times are moving towards including some of the tabloid papers features as it has more human-interest stories in it than ever before. The Times still has a plainer and more restrained layout than the Daily Star that uses colour and photographs to make it visually exciting and hold the readers attention. The editors of both papers try to cram as much information into the first paragraph and headline and few readers carry on reading until the end of the article. The Daily Star uses shorter paragraphs and lengths of articles to hold onto the reader's attention and to make it simple enough for the reader to understand. The Times gives a neutral approach to what is an emotive story that most people have very strong feeling about.

Informative speech on sleep Essay

I. Attention Gainer: â€Å"Even though we burn more calories when we stay awake, losing sleep is not a good way to lose weight. The light sleepers ended up eating far more than those who get nine hours of sleep.† According to author Tara Parker-Pope of The New York Times published on March 18, 2013. II. Thematic Statement: Most people don’t think about the long term effects of not getting enough sleep you need to function properly. But if we all were to go to bed at a reasonable time, then not only will it improve your physical health it will also improve your mental health. III. Preview: I am going to begin by talking about how much sleep do we need according to our age? Then what goes on with our brains during sleep and lastly I will explain the implications of lack of sleep. Body: I. Main Point #1 (How much sleep do we need according to our age) A. According to The National Sleep Foundation last updated March 22nd, 2014 â€Å" Studies confirm that on average adults need at least 7 to 9 hours of sleep to complete all stages of sleep.† Also after further research newborns 1 month to 2 months old need 14 to 18 hours, Infants 3 to 11 months old need 13 to 16 hours, toddlers and children need about 11 hours, and teens need 9 to 10 hours. These variations of sleep time is because of growth and repairs the brain and the body need. Neither can be obtained if you’re always up. B. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website last updated January 13, 2014 states that â€Å"50-70 million U.S Citizens have been recorded to have sleep deprivation (or lack of sleep) caused by various reasons.† Various reasons meaning that the lack of sleep could be anything from a medical problem to self-infliction of sleep deprivation. Internal Summary #1: Now that we are aware of the amount of sleep we need, let’s now discuss about our brain activity during sleep. II. Main Point #2 (What goes on with our brains during sleep) A. According to The National Institute of Neurological disorders and stroke last updated April 28th, 2014 â€Å"During sleep, we usually pass through five phases of sleep: stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and  REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.† The article also states that 50 percent of our sleep is during stage 2, 20 percent in REM sleep, and the other 30 percent in the remaining stages. B. Stage 1 of sleep is also known as light sleep where we drift in and out of sleep. This stage is where we can be woken up the easiest. Stage 2 is where our brain activity and eye movement start to slow down and stop. Stage 3 brain waves start to begin with slow and fast movements. Stage 4 also known as deep sleep is the toughest stage to wake someone up. It is the stage where there is no eye movement or muscle activity and if you were to awaken during this stage. The results would be the feeling of grogginess or disorientation. The last stage REM sleep aka Rapid Eye Movement is the dream stage of sleep. Where we fantasize about our life and day occurrences. Internal summary #2: We have discussed what goes on with our brains during sleep, let’s finish with the implications lack of sleep has on our society. III. Main Point #3 (Implications) A. Sleep is a very important factor in our everyday lives in fact according to The National Association of Science last updated April 14, 2014 â€Å"Sleep deprivation can cause severe cases of anxiety and can also lead to insomnia.† B. Without sleep our brains cannot not work to the best of its abilities. Scientists can’t discover new things, students will continue to fall asleep in class, and people that work 9 to 5 jobs could and will go mentally insane. Conclusions: I. Summary Statements: We are now familiar with the amount of sleep we need depending on ages, what our brain activity is like during sleep, and how sleep impacts us all as a society. II. Concluding Remarks: Since I researched this topic very thoroughly I can now help people who refuse to sleep for decent hours realize what they are doing to themselves. WORK CITED National Sleep Foundation â€Å"how does sleep deprivation affect us† Web 27 June 2014 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention â€Å"Sleep deprivation† Web 27 June 2014 National Association of Science â€Å"Negative implications of sleep deprivation† Web 27 June 2014 The New York Times â€Å"Lost Sleep Can Lead to Weight Gain† Tara Parker-Pope published on March 18, 2013. Web 27 June 2014. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web 27 June 2014

Communication Process Essay

1. Briefly describe the misunderstanding, including the setting and the people involved. At my recent job that I was working a situation came about, I was helping my director file some bills with personal information. Well she did not make it clear that each bill went into a certain folder, which made my job a lot difficult and ending up me having to do the whole process over again, when I had to do another project that my other Director had told me to finish up within that day. 2. Complete the following table with information from your described misunderstanding. |Question |Answer | |Who was the sender? |My Director | |Who was the receiver? |Myself | |What was the message? |File these documents | |What channel was used to send the message? |Sound and light waves | |What was the misunderstanding? |How to file the documents | |How could you have avoided the misunderstanding? |It could have been avoided if my director would have told me the correct | | |way to file them instead of me trying to figure out how to file the | | |documents. 3. The perception model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace shows that prior knowledge and experiences combine with your psychological state to shape your subjective reality. What was your perception going into the situation? How did your perception of the misunderstanding affect the communication process? My perception of the situation was that there really was not correct way into filing the documents, all she wanted was for them to be filed. It affected the misunderstanding and how the communication process went through my mind was that she should have told me how to correctly do it the proper way, instead of just telling me to finish filing. I just thought that she wanted them out of the way and into the filing cabinet. 4. After reflecting on your misunderstanding and analyzing it with what you have learned this week, what did you learn about the communication process? I have learned that there are a lot of ways in communicating and that when someone tells another person to do something, then that person is listening and taking in information differently, to ask questions when told to do something if you do not understand what that person is wanting from you. The reason why I say this is because not every person is going to be the same, as it stated in the example of the model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace, A hog could be a pig but really the person was referring to a motorcycle. For another instance when someone is telling another person to do something, that person receives the message but might take it another way because of how that person encodes the information, that is why it is important to respond back to the person and making a clear understanding of what that person is wanting. I would not want to risk someone else’s life it I did not understand the information correctly because that will affect my job on the line as well. Reference Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., & Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Address by Marga Minco

Analysis of a Key Passage The Address by Marga Minco In The Address by Marga Minco, the author suggests that people do not realize what they take for granted until they do not have them anymore. In the excerpt, the narrator is in a house with all her possessions, and the daughter of the woman who took all these possessions has no idea what is going on. Long ago, the narrator’s mother had given all her worldly possessions to a strange lady, who always took everything away with a look of greed.The narrator has come to the house with all the possessions, and it suddenly hits her that all her memories are just through the doorway. When she enters, she sees all of her possessions, â€Å"in a room which I both knew and didn’t know†. This one simple line describes how she feels, how though all her memories are in the room, they are not place in the right spot, as if the chronological placement was off, and all her memories are mixed up. I found myself among things I had wanted to see again but which oppressed me in the strange surroundings† describes her confusion, because though everything looked normal, (similar to the way she acts as if nothing is happening) it’s the inside story of every object that is scaring her; how it has her memories imprinted in it, and yet, they are not there anymore, because this is not her house, and she does not own any of this anymore.I scarcely dared to look around me anymore† symbolizes her fright of looking at everything she had and lost, and now they do not belong to her, though she has a slight longing for them in order to have a sense of normality. â€Å"Somewhere on the edge there should be a burn hole in which had never been repaired† this line, when read closely, depicts the hole as a sort of ledge, where her mind is clinging onto, so she may find some familiar feeling in all this strangeness. It also depicts a large bottomless pit, where she wants to throw all the bad feelings and memories away, throw them deep into this hole.The daughter does not notice anything wrong, because she is like a newborn baby: she does not know where any of this comes from, but she does not question it, because she has been raised with these objects. But she is also the opposite of her mother; while her mother stole all the possessions without a worry or a care, she is sweeter, gentler. The daughter is innocent and unknowing of what happened, while the mother is guilty and knows exactly why the narrator is here. When prompted, she (the daughter) talks of how everything in the room is nothing important, how they are all antiques and nothing special.But the narrator then offers a retort of passion and sadness â€Å"you get used to all these beautiful things at home, you hardly look at them anymore. You only nothice when something is not there, because it has to be repaired, or for example, because you’ve lent it to someone†. This small speech shows how she never thoug ht of these possessions and memories as important, but now that they are not with her anymore, now that she knows she cannot take them all back, she feels they describe her life. But it is too late.Near the end of the excerpt, the narrator mentions how, when she was younger, she thought her cutlery was made from silver, but never really thought of it. The daughter laughs, but when she goes to check her own cutlery, the narrator rushes out, to â€Å"forget the address† and everything she ever remembered. This is because she wants to leave every memory she had behind, to start anew. It is her sudden realization that she does not possess these memories anymore that causes her to change and force herself to forget everything from the past.

Designing and Developing an e-Learning Course Research Paper

Designing and Developing an e-Learning Course - Research Paper Example Since the world is becoming a global community, a new world order has forced educational institutions to focus the curricula to meet the expectations of a heightened educational system. Based on these pressures, wise and thoughtful leadership is crucial to ensure curriculum decisions made are responsive to the changing demands of the education sector. Educators need a wide knowledge base regarding curriculum theory, inquiry, and development. Educators also need to understand the change processes that are set to meet the high requirements of education. Therefore, this course is designed to develop a foundation of decision making that blends the origins of education and curriculum with the currents needs and expectations in education. EDU 577 is designed to help students view, analyze and interpret the curriculum and related instructions of education institutions and develop relevant skills that may help bring change in society. EDU 577 is an e-learning course that will be taught fully online. Learners will be expected to complete assigned text readings from the main text and other online readings related to the course sequence of the selected curriculum topics. The course will be very participatory in nature. Teaching of the course will be in the form of curriculum topics in which the students will complete assigned activities under each topic. Students will conduct independent research and write paper or report at the end of the course. Students should interact, participate and contribute towards the success of the course. I. This course aims at helping the students explore the writings and arguments of various scholars and theorists in education. Such understanding will help examine the curricula from various perspectives III. The course aims at ensuring that the students refine their knowledge and analytical skills in understanding how the various components of instruction - curriculum, teacher, students

The Souls of Black Folk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Souls of Black Folk - Research Paper Example The book begins with an introduction, which is extremely beautiful and catchy, â€Å"Herein lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here at the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of color line. I pray you then, receive my book in all charity, studying my words with me, forgiving mistake and foible for the sake of the faith and passion that is in me, and seeking the grain of truth hidden there†(p.1). The first and second portion of the book sheds light on the history of the Black folks. Moreover, it also highlights the flaws of the government that resulted in the form of disorder largely in the south. The manner that Dubios adopts to explain how the previous leaders did not manage things properly is excellent. For example, the third section of the book discusses Booker T. Washington, a black leader who is severely condemned for not providing quality education for the Blacks. Dubios mostly emphasizes on the need for education, the fourth and the fifth portions of the book deal with edification only. In his opinion, He disagrees to the notion of black people not acquiring university education. I found this line very inspiring when he says, â€Å"Progress in human affairs is more often a pull than a push†¦..thus it was no accident that give birth to universities centuries before the common schools, that made fair Harvard the first flower of our wilderness†(p. 53). These words indeed have weight because university qualification is usually considered important for only the upper class. However, this remark by Du Bios could also be criticized by many people, because du Bois was the first black person who acquired a degree from Harvard. Hence, some theoretical issues like these that could be raised by people like scholars or researchers. Secondly, race is another

Deception in Romantic Relations Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Deception in Romantic Relations - Dissertation Example Paterson (1996, pp. 283) noted that â€Å"students who were gaining the most satisfaction from their couple relationships w ere the least likely to conceal things from their partners by making intentionally deceptive e statements†. Nevertheless, this statement implies that relationship satisfaction leads to transparency. However, it is also possible reverse that statement arguing that couples who were more intimate and honest with each other derived more satisfaction. According to her study, except white lies, relationship satisfaction seems to be correlated with the other types of deception. Furthermore, the blatant lie w as regarded as the most dishonest. It is also very interesting to find that deception is a two-edged sword. Not only the ones who believed that their partners deceived them were unhappy; but, the ones who deceived seem also dissatisfied due to their deceptive behavior. Paterson (1996, pp. 285) stated that â€Å"When respondents ’ own self -reported f requencies of using the s ix different type s of deception were analysed individually, blatant lies, half truths, and failed deceptions were all statistically significant negative predictors of satisfaction.† The major flaw of Paterson's research is that the question with regard to the preference is biased in a sense that it asked whether the students preferred deception over fight. This question assumed only one possible motivation for deception, which is the avoidance of an argument. Thus, it was a manipulative question forcing the students to choose between argument or deception. In that sense, it was not an open-ended question exploring the possible reasons of the deceptive behaviors. Accordingly, the research actually found what it set out to find, the students lied in order to avoid argument; while it did not leave any other option to choose as their motive. The major gap of the study is also pointed out by the researcher herself, she noted that more research is needed i ncluding the samples of adults from different cultures. However, her sample must have been more varied in terms of the ages of the participants. It is even doubtful whether the university students are capable of handling truly intimate, adult and mature relations; since, they tended to date casually. Young people might have preferred to deceive in order to argue, since most of them are neither mature nor committed enough to develop conflict-resolution mechanisms as much as the older people. In fact, the title of the article should have been â€Å"Deception in Intimate relationships of the Australian Students†. Gerald R. Miller (1986) studied how several differences between impersonal and personal relationships may affect deceptive behavior in â€Å"Invited Article Fudging with Friends and Lying to Lovers: Deceptive Communication in Personal Relationships†. According to him, lies are told to resolve threats to relationship; he stressed the protective function of lies wh ile describing the motivation of lying as preserve social relationships. His account is similar to Paterson’s and probably influenced her study. However, Miller’s term of deceptive communication is misleading. Deception means a deliberate distortion of communication. Hence, â€Å"deceptive communication† sounds paradoxical and oxymoronic. In â€Å"Linking Love and Lies: A Formal Test of the Mccornack and Parks Model of Deception Detection†, Levine and McCornack(1992) tested the model developed by McCornack and Parks presented the results. The model of

Can politics ever be considered just for Augustine Essay

Can politics ever be considered just for Augustine - Essay Example The great influence that his teachings had and continue to have in the modern period can be attributed to his persuasive nature, since the was able to influence the basic processes through which the Christian church operates today; not only the catholic church but also the Eastern Orthodox and the Protestants. With this in mind, it would be prudent to ensure that the teachings of this man are studied so that it can be determined whether he considered politics to be just or not. If one considers Augustine’s teachings, one would come to the conclusion that he believes politics can be just because of his belief in free will. Free will, according to Augustine, is an essential part of the human connection with God (Elshtain, 2004). While this may be the case, he lived during an age where many individuals were often subjected into lifelong servitude and slavery. The latter people did not have the free will to be able to make their own choices in life and only had to submit to the wi ll of their masters, a fact which would not have been in agreement with Augustine’s beliefs. ... democratic system where the free will of an individual is what determined whether he participated in the politics of his society or not (Visser, 2010). The fact that many of the individuals who lived in the Roman society lacked free will because of the autocratic government that was in place, may have had an influence on the teachings of Augustine, who, despite not having been born a Christian, was among those who developed the doctrine of free will in the religious and political scene of the time. According to Augustine, free will existed because it was granted by God, so that in order for an individual to achieve it, it had to be granted by God (Valk, 2009). The fact that some individuals in the society did not possess free will was because God had not seen it fit to grant it to them and this ensured that they were not yet worthy of it. It can be said that those individuals who have the free will to participate in politics have been granted this privilege by God and since God is co nsidered to be just, then there is justice in politics. Free will is absolutely essential to human nature as this is what determines what individuals do with their live, whether good or evil. The ability to make this choice is among the most fundamental aspects of politics because it enables individuals to take differing viewpoints without necessarily having to see eye to eye on some matters. It was this teaching which came to be adopted by the protestant movement, especially the Calvinists, who accepted Augustine’s teaching that there is both free will and divine grace, and as such, the will of an individual is often predestined. One of the conditions which Augustine considers to be necessary for individuals to attain free will is the keeping and fulfilling of all the commandments of

Canopic Jar with a Lead in the Form of a Baboons Head Article - 1

Canopic Jar with a Lead in the Form of a Baboons Head - Article Example The Baboon at the top of the canopic jar is linked with Nephthys who was a goddess that guided and protected Isis, her sister to bring together the different parts of Osiris’s body after he was killed and thrown into the Nile. A vital component of the mummy was a mask that resembled a headdress that was positioned over the crown of the frame that wrapped in linen. The mask had characteristically young-looking physical characteristics that were not supposed to demonstrate similarity to the departed but exhibit a perfect appearance of their presence in the life after death. This particular example possesses many typical features that are characteristic of these masks and it was made using cartonnage that is a material which is light in weight which is formed by coating layers of linen with plaster. The deific position of the person wearing it is symbolized by the skin which is gold-plated and the extension was used as a symbolism of the deific position of the person wearing it. The mask has a decorated collar with a gold-plated and winged scarab beetle on the head that was believed to promote the rebirth of the departed. The mask is believed to have been created between 332 and 30 BC and apart from linen and plaster that was used to make the mask, papyrus, pigment, and gold were also used. The dimensions of the mask are fourteen inches by ten and a half inches and the iconography of this mask is characteristically pharaonic where the wings and the sun disc that symbolize the scarab beetle that is linked to the rising and setting of the sun and therefore rebirth (Budge 185).

Employment law 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment law 3 - Assignment Example Karen files a complaint of sex/gender discrimination with the EEOC and Harrison is called to testify during the investigation. The EEOC decides not to pursue the matter. A month and a half after the investigation is closed, Tabernacle management moves Harrison from his cubicle to a cubicle on a vacant floor. All other aspects of his job remain the same. Harrison files a complaint of retaliation.   A.   Harrison cannot pursue a case of retaliation because the relocation of his work area between cubicles did not materially affect the terms, conditions, or privileges of his employment at Tabernacle. 10. Randi has been placed by a staffing firm in a temporary secretarial position with USD Industries. Randi is an employee solely by the staffing firm. The day after she reports, USD calls the staffing firm and requests that she be replaced due to her race. 11. In order to win a â€Å"quid pro quo† case, but not a â€Å"hostile work environment† case of sexual harassment, plaintiff must prove that some psychological injury resulted from the harassment. (F) 12. Maxwell Corp. distinguishes between applicants that it is willing to interview for any position, and those that it is not, on the degree to which an applicants handwriting is determined, by a qualified graphologist, to indicate high emotional stability and ambition. On the basis of this test, 70% of male applicants are deemed interviewable, while 45% of female applicants are deemed interviewable. The use of the handwriting analysis as a distinguishing factor has a disparate impact on women. (T) 15. Chip Onsholder is a welder for Mac’s Machine Tools. He cannot seem to please his new boss, Ms. Perfection. He suspects she doesn’t like him because she’s a liberal Democrat, and he’s a rock-ribbed Republican. One day, Chip makes a joke about the stupidity of donkeys and she fires him. When Chip sues for discrimination under Title 7, he will probably: 16.

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example In this case, therefore, rituals can be discussed as a form of reality that influences the natural existence of human beings. In his work, McNamara (pp.222) indicates that rituals can basically be described as meaningless. He adds that, ritualists ought not to have ascribed meanings to the rituals prior to performance of the same. He quotes that, ‘†¦rituals are not primarily devices for communicating hidden meanings†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (222). This work puts the view that all forms of ritual studies should not only endeavor to discuss the meanings of rituals, but discuss the contexts in which rituals can be understood. This includes how rituals can be performance, and how the rituals can be performed. He also emphasizes that rituals can always have meanings if the audience want them to have meanings. The work, however, cautions that persons should not misunderstand the fact that rituals may be termed as meaningless, but always try to find the most relevant meanings in the rituals. The work by McNally includes the concept of ritual as a form of survival tactic by the Native American persons. McNally (pp.197) indicates that rituals cannot be understood out of the context of the historical context of a people. This work includes the thoughts of the famous historian, Geertz who believes that, ‘†¦ritual begets the fuel that drives the ‘cultural system’ of religion ... (197). This is an interpretation of the fact that, through rituals, that the existence of humans find meanings as well as are motivated to exist in the world. McNally (pp.198), however, notes that rituals may portray varying meanings and cautions individuals from misinterpretation of the same. With this, he gives the example of Ojibwe community- a traditional community and the Protestant variations of the meanings of rituals in their religions. This work incorporates the study of ritual activities and their implications on the understanding of the truth on the

Mothers Against Drunk Driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mothers Against Drunk Driving - Essay Example She then went on to found MADD in May 1980. Now MADD has over 600 chapters and 2 million members and supporters (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_Against_Drunk_Driving#History). This interest group, which according to the website is made up of "dads and daughters, sons and uncles, friends and neighbors, and mothers"( http://www.madd.org/) has worked very hard over the years to help reduce the number of fatalities involving people who drink and drive. Starting just two years later in 1982, MADD helped pushed for a resolution for the first national Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week to become law. By the end of this second year, MADD has already expanded into over 100 chapters. By the end of their third year, the government reported that 129 new anti-drunk driving laws had been passed (http://www.madd.org/aboutus/1179). The success story for MADD only continues as The Federal Minimum Drinking Age Law was signed by Ronald Regan on July 17,1984. By the end of 1984, MADD had expanded into Canada, and now had more than 330 chapters in 47 states. Just a few years later, in 1988, MADD helped push for another law, the Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act, which extended the same right of other crime victims to the victims of DWI. Also, by the end of 1988, all 50 states had signed the federal bill, making the minimum drinking age throughout the county 21. All of MADD's grass roots style of work has only continued to expand through out the years. Because of the hard work of the organization, the numbers of drinking while driving deaths has decreased from the 1980s. Following statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), alcohol related deaths per year have declined from 26,173 in 1982 to 16,885 in 2005(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_Against_Drunk_Driving#History). This is a significant decrease in the number of deaths caused by drunk driving, and the numbers alone help show how much work MADD has done, and how greatly it had effected out society. By the hard work, telecommunications, and fighting for their loved ones, the people of MADD have been able to become, what they call a "non-profit grass roots organization with more than 400 entities nationwide" (http://www.madd.org/aboutus/1094). Recently, MADD has announced a new, national, campaign to end drunk driving. With a combination of new, stronger laws, and advanced technology, MADD hopes it can continue its battle against drunk driving into the future, and keep drunk drivers off the road. The new MADD campaign may seem extreme to some, but it has decided that it wants to "completely" get rid of drunk driving ( http://www.madd.org/campaign). Even thought MADD has seen its share of victories, there is some contempt for the group. The founder of MADD, Candy Lightner, left the organization in 1985 and has since then gone on to criticize what the group has become. She has called the group "new-prohibitionists", and that is worries to much about the problems of alcohol, and is not focused on specifically drunk driving, as was her original intent (Bresnahan). Writer Radley Balko says that, "In fairness, MADD deserves credit for raising awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated. It was almost certainly MADD's dogged efforts to spark public debate that affected the drop in fatalities since 1980, when Candy Lightner founded the group

Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay Example for Free

Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay The Literature of Early America p. 1-5 1. The first Europeans to establish settlements on this continent did not call it America until the 18th century. What did these early settlers call it? The New World 2. The colonies that became the United States were for the most part inhabited by individuals from which European country? England 3. How much is known of the perspectives of the native inhabitants of this continent before the European arrival? Why? With the help of archaeologist, ethnographical, and oral materials much has been learned 4. What was the so-called Columbian Exchange, and what were the results? The passing of biological matter between Native Americans and Europeans. The result is illness and death reduced to less than 10% of the original number 5. Although Leif Ericson first saw North America as early as 1000, and Columbus, of course, arrived in 1492, when did French and English colonization really begin to take hold? Early 1600s 6. After the Native American oral tradition, which writing could probably be considered the first American literature? American Literature 7. What three things set the stage for the seventeenth-century expansion of English colonization that would ultimately lead to the first United States? 1)The Reformation 2)English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 3)emerging capitalist economies 8. Unlike the Spanish explorers who were financially supported by royalty, how were the English settlers supported? How did this affect the future of the colonies? English settlers were supported by banks joint-stock companies. It moved it away from the old hierarchies of church crown 9. What were the three general cultural/economic groups established in these early British colonies? Southern Colonies, Middle Colonies, New England 10. Which area was initially the most difficult to settle and why? Southern Colony-malaria and starvation were rampant in the early 17th century 11. Which crop ultimately proved quite profitable to the southern colony in Virginia? tobacco 12. After the native populations had been decimated by disease and the brutality of enslavement, how did the English settlers respond to the demand for labor? Indentured servants 13. Which of the British settlements was the most ethnically and religiously diverse? Middle Colonies 14. Who were the first group of Europeans in America to denounce slavery? The Quakers 15. Which group established the first permanent colony in New England? What was it called, and when was it established? Pilgrim settlement of Plymouth 1620 16. Which much larger Puritan settlement was established in New England ten years later? Puritan â€Å"Great Migration† 1630 17. What was the name of the first permanent English settlement in North America? Where was it located and when was it established? Est Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 Captain John Smith 18. What is the name of the English sea captain who wrote what is described as the first distinctly American writing in English? Captain John Smith 19. In what way did Smiths descriptions help lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans to this new land? He described as Paradise. His vision of a new abundant world, along with his mapping 20. Smith also created maps of which area? New England Coast 21. Why did literature develop more slowly in the South? Towns were few, farms were separated, urban audience for books and newspaper were scant 22. Which two movements greatly influenced the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay? Renaissance and Reformation 23. Why is the Renaissance generally regarded as the beginning of modern civilization? It was the advancement of government, philosophy, and science 24. In what sense did firearms and books break down the social and political hierarchy? Books taught people to think for themselves, guns gave them the power to destroy body armor 25. In what sense does the work of Copernicus reflect the Renaissances break with tradition and authority? It questioned the pagan believes 26. A new spirit of scientific inquiry was inspired by the invention of which two scientific instruments? Gun power and printing press 27. During the Reformation, what aspects of the Church did the religious reformers criticize? The authority of its spiritual leader, the pope and priest 28. How did Protestants earn that name? because of the protest against church doctrines, and the power of priest, and commands of bishops popes ________________________________________ John Smiths Biography p. 41-42 1. Why do you suppose the first permanent English colony was called Jamestown? Because King James I granted a royal charter to plant colonies in England’s North America Territories 2. Why was the settlement at Jamestown, initially, disastrous? Jamestown was swampy, lacked steadfast leaders, didn’t build houses, plant crops, find gold. More than half died the 1st winter 3. What role did Smith assume? A leader, President 4. In Smiths A Description of New England, published in 1616, he mapped the coast of New England. However, his trip to New England in 1614 wasnt for that purpose. Why did he go? To search for jar gold called Jars 5. Which group of settlers purchased Smiths maps of New England? Pilgrims 6. What was the first English book written in America? A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia 7. In Smiths most influential book The General History of Virginia (1624), how did he describe the New World? Riches and wilderness delights, place of freedom, joy, and abundance 8. Who named the area New England? Smith 9. Why do some question Smiths romantic account of his rescue by the Indian princess Pocahontas? Because it was written seven years after Pocahontas’ death. He could have been adopted and not known 10. The Smith/Pocahontas tale is one of the earliest examples of what particular narrative form in early American literature? fable ________________________________________ John Smith from A Description of New England (1616) p. 55-63 1. Although this work was published in 1616, it was based on Smiths return trip to New England in what year? 1614 2. Why was his trip a financial failure? Looking for gold and copper and it wasn’t fish season 3. Why did Smith find it difficult to trade fish and furs in the area? Because Sir Francis Popham traded a lot and he got most of it 4. What characteristics does Smith say one must have to conquer this land and make it thrive? Ability to work 5. What do you think the following quote suggests to those reading his account back in England? only here and there we touched or have seen a little [of] the edges of those large dominions which do stretch themselves into the main[land], God knows how many thousand miles there is a lot more land to discover, don’t limit yourself 6. He describes the coast as being overgrown with [what] and an incredible abundance of [what]? Good timber, most sorts of fish, fowl, and good fruits 7. As he discusses the abundance of fish, what European comparison does he make to elevate this lowly staple to something that can, in fact, build countries? Which group (who settled here later in 1620) might this have appealed to? Hollanders 8. What does Smith use to lure people from England to the New World (see middle paragraph on page 58)? Men can be master of their own fate/no landlords 9. Smith mentions the fertile ground, but he also says that, if need be, one can trade with the natives for goods like corn. What does he say (and what tone does he use) about those savages who may be uncooperative? With 30 or 40 men sufficient to bring in line/disdain 10. Notice the way Smith begins each of the paragraphs on page 60: Of mines of gold Of woods The waters The herbs and fruits Oak Eagles Whales Moose What is he doing to try to lure the English to this new land? Painting a picture of abudance 11. What kind of individuals do you think Smith is targeting when he says, Who can desire more content, that has small means or but only his merit to advance his fortune, than to tread and plant that ground he has purchased by the hazard of his life? The Common Man 12. What do you think of Smiths reference to the holy quest some might take by making the journey to the New World? : If he have any grain of faith or zeal in religion, what can he do less hurtful to any or more agreeable to God than to seek to convert those poor savages to know Christ and humanity? Crusaders 13. What emotions do you think Smith is tapping into when he says the following? : What so truly suits with honor and honesty as the discovering things unknown, erecting towns, peopling countries, informing the ignorant, reforming things unjust, teaching virtue, and gain to our native mother-country a kingdom to attend her, find employment for those that are idle because they know not what to do? 14. On page 62, what does Smith say might be his role in helping these newcomers adjust to this new land? Do you see this as self-serving or sacrificial on Smiths part? If he lied they can fault him/ self-serving 15. Smith has spoken of the rewards that will come from hard work. What does he say about the pleasures to be enjoyed in this new land? Hunting or hawking is great